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MEMOIR 



MAJOR SAMUEL RINGGOLD, 



iei¥-I© gTikT^S M'iMYt 



READ BEFORE 



®l)e ilTarylcinb ^islorical Socictj), 



APRIL 1st, 184 7. 



BY JAMES WYNNE. M . D 



«i 




00 BALTIMORE 



PRINTED AND PUBLISHED BY JOHN MURPHY, 

17 8 MARKET S T R K R T . 



M 1) O C C X L \ I I . 









C40^ 



MEMOIR OF MAJ. SAMUEL RINGGOLD. 



Mr. President and Gentlemen : 

It becomes my melancholy, yet pleasing duty, 
this evening, to revive in your recollection a few of 
the striking characteristics and generous actions of 
one who, during life, devoted himself to the service 
of his country, and finally yielded up that life as a 
votive offering at her shrine. 

In the performance of this duty, I am not actuated 
by an exalted opinion of military glory or renown ; 
nor by a desire either to flatter or speak condolence to 
surviving relatives ; these are worthy and creditable 
motives; but mine, on the present occasion, is a still 
higher one, and aims, by portraying a life full of use- 
fulness and national devotion, so far as my feeble 
powers will permit, to inculcate the positive necessity 
for self sacrifice, when the government under which 
we live requires so much at the hands of either of its 
citizens. 

In the examination of history we too frequently 
overlook the component parts of a nation. We be- 
hold it in its great achievements — in its display of 
power or weaknes.s — in its advance or decline. The 
great actions which accomplish the one, or produce 
the other, stand before us in such bold relief that we 
lose sight of the less obtrusive, yet not less important 
agents, on which these great events actually depend. 
We look at nations in the aggregate, and not as a 
combination of individuals, like ourselves, and there- 
fore fail to derive many of those salutary lessons 
which it is the province of iiistory to impart. 



4 MEMOIR OF MAJ. SAMUEL RINGGOLD, 

Now it requires but a cursory examination into 
the philosophy of human society (and history is 
nothing more than a development of the effects of 
this philosophy on different nations), in order to as- 
certain that each individual has duties to perform 
towards society, represented in its government, as 
high, as imperious, and as binding as those due to 
himself and his family, and he who is recreant to the 
former, fails in one of the first and most essential 
elements of citizenship, no matter how well he may 
execute the latter. To no form of human associa- 
tion is this position more applicable than to that in 
which we live, composed, as it avowedly is, of mem- 
bers united together for the purposes of individual 
protection and advantage, on terms of the most per- 
fect equality, and admitting of the greatest amount 
of personal liberty compatible with well regulated 
society. Whenever these obligations, due from the 
citizen to his government, are cheerfully complied 
with, and properly performed, they furnish unmis- 
takeable evidence of national prosperity. Whenever 
these are wanting, and the authority of government 
is not responded to by those over whom it exercises, 
or should exercise, an authority, it is doomed to cer- 
tain and irretrievable decline. History is full of ex- 
amples in proof of this position, and in the long cata- 
logue of national calamities which it details, it tells 
of the destruction of no nation in which this element 
did not contribute a large share to its downfall. 
Nations have nothing to fear from a formidable ex- 
hibition of power from without, but from apathy and 
dissension within. These are the great sources of 
national weakness, and therefore those which should 
be most sedulously guarded against. So thought the 
ancients when the most gifted and influential among 
them considered it an honor to die to preserve the 



OF THE UNITED STATES ARMY. O 

unity of their own government. So thought Nicias — 
so thought the greatest of Grecian orators, Demos- 
thenes — so. too, thought the wisest of ancient phi- 
losophers, Socrates, each of whom was devoted a 
willing sacrifice at his country's altar. They have 
died, but their deeds have survived the wreck of 
time, and are as fresh and potent for good, in the 
remembrance of those w^ho now live, as when the 
knowledge of these sacrifices was first proclaimed 
to their countrymen at Athens. And who can tell 
how much of the prosperity of Greece, through so 
many ages, depended on the example of the devotion 
of these and other iilustrious men to their country. 
Nor was the sunny clime and age of living' Greece 
the only one which inspired its inhabitants with this 
enthusiastic devotion to country. Each nation, 
whether situated amid the frosts of eternal winter, or 
parched beneath the ardor of an equatorial sun, 
cherishes in a guarded spot, within the entablature of 
its history, the memory of some among her children 
who, on the tented field, amid the raging pestilence, 
the desolating famine, or some other national calam- 
ity, have parted with life under circumstances calcu- 
lated to call forth the grateful admiration of those 
who survived them. 

Oar own country, in the few short years which 
have transpired since it first merged from a weak 
and feeble infancy into a great and prosperous nation, 
has numbered among its citizens many to whom it 
points with a proud exultation, and whose memories 
are preserved as patterns of excellence, worthy of 
admiration and imitation by their descendants. 

In this city, styled, " par excellence," the monu- 
mental city, because of the works it has raised to per- 
petuate the memory of those who deserve to be held 
in remembrance, one of the first objects that strikes 



6 MEMOIR OF MAJ; SAMUEL RINGGOLD, 

the eye of the stranger, as lie approaches it, rearing 
its white shaft high toward heaven, and towering 
in majestic grandeur over every surrounding object, 
is the noble monument erected to the memory of the 
father of his country, at the same moment an evidence 
to all future generations of your patriotism and his 
exalted character. Passing from antecedent to more 
modern times in our history, the classic battle monu- 
ment presents itself, on which are inscribed the 
names of those who fell in defence of this fair and 
goodly city, which you claim as your pai^ticular heri- 
tage. Nor can I pass by, in silence, the rustic lodge 
of old gray stone, where, amid the lull of the water- 
fall, and the gentle sighing of the graceful elms which 
overhang and shelter it, the monument of Armistead, 
surrounded by appropriate emblems, demands from 
the passer-by a moment's consideration. When I 
thus behold myself surrounded by so many instances 
of the reward of individual merit, need I fear to ask 
you to enter with me into the field of Palo Alto — 
to single out one of those stern warriors who, amid 
the carnage of battle, was busy in that fearful strug- 
gle of life and death — need I fear to ask you to fix 
your* eyes on one who was known by reputation to 
all, and personally to most of the members of this 
society — who was a native of Maryland, and a citizen 
of Baltimore — Major Samuel Rijnggold. 

Major Ringgold was the eldest son of Gen. Samuel 
Ringgold, of Washington county, in this state. The 
family, both on his father's and mother's side, (which 
latter was a daughter of Gen. Cadwalader, of Phila- 
delphia,) was highly respectable, and exercised a con- 
siderable influence in the section of country in which 
they resided, where his father filled many offices of 
trust and honor, the most distinguished of which was 
a seat in the house of representatives of the U. States. 



OF THE UNITEn STATES ARMY. 7 

Major Ringgold was born in the year 1800, and, in 
1814, then in liis fourteenth year, entered, as a cadet, 
the West Point Academy. Here he commenced in 
earnest that course of study which was destined to fit 
him for the useful life he was afterwards to lead ; and 
here too his mind was left free to enjoy the full scope 
of those hopes and aspirations which had been the 
subject of his day dreams in his earlier years. He 
was by nature a soldier ; all his early impressions 
were associated with this mode of life, and all his 
hopes were to render himself worthy to discharge 
well the duties of such a station. His ancestors had 
performed no mean part in the war of the revolution, 
and his maternal grandfather not only occupied an im- 
portant post in that army, but was likewise the warm 
friend, and confidant of General Washington. 

The scenes of that eventful period were yet too 
fresh in the memory, not to become an almost constant 
topic of conversation ; and if he was not literally 
nursed amid the clang of armor, the time of his birth 
was yet so nearly allied to that of the revolution, that 
the excitement produced by it had then scarcely sub- 
sided into the sober routine of ordinary life. It still 
occupied men's thoughts, and gave a coloring to their 
actions ; it still found its way into the nursery, and 
furnished the fruitful theme by which the American 
mother was accustomed to beguile the hours of her 
wondering child. Under ordinary circumstances, 
periods of excitement are followed with results some- 
what akin to this ; but when we consider that the 
•revolution not only gave a direction to the thoughts, 
but likewise wrought a total change in the whole 
constitution of society ; that it established a form of 
government, entirely different from that which had 
preceded it, and exhibited to mankind a practical 
demonstration of the ability of man to govern himself; 



8 MEMOIR OF MAJ. SAMUEL RINGGOLD, 

that it led every member of the community to view, 
with an intensity of interest, the gradual and certain 
development of that problem, on which his future 
hopes depended, and around which his warmest affec- 
tions were clustered, it is not singular that one whose 
nearest relatives were associated with the administra- 
tion of public affairs, should have imbibed in a high 
degree the spirit of the age, and gazed, with all the 
romantic imagination of youth, on that period so 
important in the destiny of his country. 

Nor was there any thing in the times, when he 
entered the military academy, calculated to dampen 
this ardor of his spirit. Our old enemy. Great Britain, 
had retired from the contest defeated, it is true, yet 
far from being satisfied with the loss of her rich colo- 
nial possessions, and a series of aggressions, of a 
number of years' continuance, which finally broke out 
into an open rupture, and was then progressing, 
kept alive all those feelings of jealousy and distrust, 
calculated to inflame a youthful mind, and cause it to 
pant for military renown. 

While too many others, therefore, were wasting the 
precious moments of youth, in idle or frivolous pastimes, 
he was engaged in the diligent pursuit of his studies, 
and aimed not merely to know, but to know well every 
branch of knowledge necessary to accomplish him as 
an officer. Industry like this seldom goes unrewarded, 
and after four years of diligent study, he had the 
gratification to receive the highest honors of the insti- 
tution, and graduated at the head of his class. 

At his entrance into the army he received the ap- 
pointment of aid to General Scott, and repaired to 
Philadelphia, at which place that officer held his 
head quarters. After three years service in this capa- 
city, he was detailed as an engineer under Major 
Bache, to make an examination of a part of our 



OF THE UNITED STATES ARMY. 9 

southern coast, which service he left to join the third 
regiment, as a lieutenant. In all these varied capa- 
cities he was never unmindful of his duties, and en- 
deavored, by much observation and study, and an 
ardent application to the business confided to his 
charge, to extend the sphere of his military usefulness. 

At a later period he performed the duties of ord- 
nance officer to the army at the important post of 
New York. He brought to the discharge of this 
duty not only great skill as an officer, but a superior 
inventive genius. Among other evidences of the ex- 
hibition of this talent, for the profit and advantage of 
his country, his improvement on the percussion can- 
non lock stands pre-eminent. The lock at that time 
in use, not only in our own country, but elsewhere, 
was peculiarly liable to injury from the unyielding 
manner in which the hammer fell upon the cap, at 
the breech of the gun. The recoil shock was so great 
as frequently to throw the hammer from its position, 
and thus disable the piece from active service for 
the time. This defect proved of such importance in 
actual service, as in no small degree to do away with 
the advantages of the percussion lock over the old 
mode of firing the gun. 

Major Ringgold not only perceived, in common 
with others, this defect, but likewise discovered its* 
remedy, and, after much time and labor expended in 
the pursuit, succeeded in "imparting a lateral motion 
to the hammer, by means of a spring, which drew 
it sideways and backward the moment after it gave 
the blow by which the cap w^as exploded. This in- 
vention, at that time adopted in the service, furnished 
the basis on which all the more modern improve- 
ments have been made.* 

* Some appreciation of the value of this discovery may be formed from the 
circumstance, that the last session of congress awarded Mr. Joseph Shaw, a 
distinguished landscape painter, twenty thousand dollars for an improvement on 

2 



10 MEMOIR OF MAJ. SAMUEL KINGGOLD, 

The military saddle, now in general use in the army 
for dragoons and artillery, is likewise an invention of 
his, and is said to possess many advantages over the 
one formerly in use. 

When the unfortunate disagreement between the 
general government and the state of South Carolina 
assumed so foreboding an aspect in 1831, he was 
ordered to Charleston, where he remained until the 
cessation of the difficulties in 1833. The position 
occupied by the army here was truly an unpleasant 
one, and attended with perplexities which none but 
a participant can well imagine. Bound to the per- 
formance of orders by a rigid military discipline, they 
could not forget that they were placed in a hostile 
attitude towards their own countrymen, who, how- 
ever deluded they might be, were still sincere in their 
delusion. Kindness and urbanity were therefore 
united to a strict observance of discipline, and due 
compensation was made for the irritated feelings of 
their opponents. During those troublous times Major, 
then Lieut. Ringgold, was enabled to pursue such a 
course as to assist very materially in removing the 
torch, which seemed ready, in the hand of the incen- 
diary, to light the whole Union into a blaze. 

It is no mean praise to the entire corps of army and 
navy officers, engaged on this truly perilous service, to 
say, that there was among them but one expression 
of opinion and mode of action, and that was to quiet 

the cannon lock, which flowed, as a consequence, from Major Ringgold's dis- 
covery. In this he may truly be said to have acted as a pioneer, but, as too 
frequently occurs, whilst he shook the tree others collected the fruit. I have 
no disposition to detract from the value of Mr. Shaw's really meritorious inven- 
tion, who is not the less entitled to praise, and reward too, because a portion of 
the difficulty was removed from his pathway, but only desire to render the 
subject of this memoir that meed of praise to which his discovery so justly 
entitles bim, but which has been so long withheld. 

The original lock on which Major Ringgold made his experiments, and 
which was subject to one or two thousand trials, was presented by his brother, 
Lieut. Cadwalader Ringgold, of the U. S. Navy, to Sir Howard Douglas, a 
distinguished officer of the British army, and the author of a valuable work on 
naval gunnery. 



OF THE UNITED STATES ARMY. 11 

and assuage — to treat all with unwonted courtesy 
and urbanity, and to repay unkind words and hasty 
expressions with kind and studied politeness. How 
admirably fitted, by nature and education, the subject 
of this memoir was, to pursue such a line of conduct 
with success, you can all bear testimony. These 
services were so highly appreciated by the general 
government as to procure for him the rank of captain 
by brevet, at a later period, when ample time was had 
to review his conduct, to commence from May, 1832. 

In 1836 he received the commission of captain, and 
was ordered to the command of a company in the 
third artillery at Savannah, from which post he was 
shortly after removed, to take part in the Seminole 
war, then raging in Florida. Daring the greater part 
of this vexatious and unprofitable war he remained in 
Florida, subject, in common with the rest of the army, 
to a series of privations and physical evils, which lost 
to the country many a brave and promising officer, in 
the full glow and vigor of youth, and shattered for 
life the constitutions of many who survived ; among 
this latter class was Major, then Captain Ringgold. 
With him and too many others the immense morasses 
and ever-glades, which stretch along this whole pen- 
insula, united to the ardor of a southern sun, and 
sending forth, with every breeze, the most pestilential 
and deadly vapors, proved a much more formidable 
opponent than the treacherous Indian concealed be- 
neath the luxuriance of their foliage : and when, in 
the fall of 1838, his company was disbanded, and he 
received orders to repair to Carlisle, Pa. for the pur- 
pose of entering upon a new and untried species of duty, 
he returned to his friends emaciated in body, haggard 
in countenance, and but a wreck of his former self. 

The pure and invigorating air of the healthy region 
in which Carlisle is situated served, in some degree, 



12 MEMOIR OF MAJ. SAMUEL RINGGOLD, 

to repair the injuries he had sustained, and restored 
him to passable health; but the elasticity of his form 
was gone, the vigor of his yout'jful constitution had 
vanished, and he was destined, during the remainder 
of his life, to suffer from the consequences of the dis- 
ease contracted in his Florida campaign. Here too, 
as in every other position occupied by him, he per- 
formed eminent services, and received, in considera- 
tion of them, the rank of major by brevet. 

But whilst his body was thus debilitated by disease, 
his mind retained its wonted energy, and he sat him- 
self to the task of organizing a new branch of service, 
with all the zeal and alacrity which had character- 
ized his more youthful exertions. 

Without attempting any disparagement to the other 
officers of the army, I but repeat what they have fre- 
quently declared, when I say, that the government 
exhibited a just discrimination of character in select- 
ing Major Ringgold as one of its chief agents in 
organizing a corps of flying artillery, new to our ser- 
vice, but which had been found so formidable in the 
prosecution of the wars on the continent of Europe, 

From this period until the day of his death, his 
mind was constantly occupied with the desire to give 
greatest efficiency to the service under his command. 
His fine and manly corps, admirably accoutred and 
appointed, constituted his idol ; he doated upon it, 
as a parent upon his first born, and succeeded in in- 
spiring the same enthusiasm in the breast of every 
individual under his command. 

During much of the time he was engaged in develop- 
ing this system of military tactics, he was a resident 
of Baltimore, his corps being stationed at Fort Mc- 
Henry, which place he left, but a few months pre- 
vious to his death, to join the army under the-command 
of General Taylor, on our south-western frontier. 



OF THE UNITED STATES ARMY. 13 

During his residence here we had all frequent op- 
portunities of witnessing- those wonderful military 
manoeuvres executed by his company, in which both 
man and horse seemed to vie with each other best to 
execute his part. 

The writer first met with Major Ringgold at Wash- 
ington, when ordered there during the last year of 
Mr. Van Buren's administration, to exhibit the feats 
of his company before the president and his cabinet, 
and so quick and sudden were their movements, so 
rapid and constant the discharge of their cannon, so 
soon in harness again, and ready for change of posi- 
tion or flight, that it seemed almost the work of 
magic art, and all present pronounced it the very 
excellence of military manoeuvring. 

But it required sterner times fully to develop its 
efficiency, and these times, unfortunately, came too 
soon. The battle of Palo Alto, the first blow struck 
in the warfare with our Mexican neighbor, which God 
grant may be of short duration, while it lost to the 
country its able commander, fully realized the antici- 
pations entertained for the corps of flying artillery, and 
the heaps of promiscuous dead that lay piled together 
wherever its formidable cannons pointed their mouths, 
gave terrible proof of its efficiency in actual warfare. 

This battle field, at the same moment the witness 
of his triumph and of his death, furnishes the closing 
scene of his life. " Upon reaching the field of Palo 
Alto," says Powell, '' at about three o'clock in the 
afternoon of the 8th of May, the action commenced 
by the Mexicans opening their batteries on their 
right, at a distance of half a mile from our line. The 
fire was responded to by two eighteen pounders, in 
charge of Lieut. Churchill ; Major Ringgold now 
took position to the right and front of the eighteen 
pounders, at a distance of seven hundred yards from 



14 MEMOIR OF MAJ. SAMUEL RINGGOLD, 

the enemy, subsequently, advancing one hundred 
yards, and opened his battery with tremendous effect, 
as was shown the next day by the large number of 
the enemy's dead found on the field along this line." 

" Major Ringgold pointed the guns with his own 
hand, and, with unerring precision, directing the shot 
not only to groups and masses of the enemy, but to 
particular men in their lines. He saw" them fall in 
numbers, their places occupied by others who, in 
their turn, were shot down. Pointing his guns to the 
same place, and, to use his own words, ' he felt as 
confident of hitting his mark as though he had been 
using a rifle.' The infantry was formed in his rear as 
his support, and cheered rapturously the brilliant 
movements and destructive execution of his battery, 
while they received the enemy's fire with great cool- 
ness at a shoulder, impatient only for the oi'der to 
charge." 

''At length a regiment of the enemy's lancers were 
seen to make a demonstration towards our right, ap- 
parently to gain possession of our wagon train, when 
Lieut. Ridgely was detached with two pieces to check 
the movement. This left Maj. Ringgold short of men, 
or rather with a less number than he desired, and 
considered actually necessary, to execute his move- 
ment with celerity, and to supply the places of those 
who fell, or became disabled. This was a source of 
regret to him, even in his last moments; but he gal- 
lantly and nobly did his duty. Not a shade of inca- 
pacity, want of diligence, lack of bravery on the 
battle field, can rest on his memory or the sunshine of 
his military character."* 

* Powell's Life of Taylor, pp. 52-3. 

" In the action of Palo Alto," says a friend of his, who was present, in a letter 
to me, descriptive of the battle, " the post of honor was assigned to the lamented 
Ringgold ; on the right, where for hours the attention of the whole right wing 
was riveted on his battery, the most brilliant success attended every manceuvre, 
and although his services were of short duration, yet long enough to earn for 
him the highest honors of the day." 



OF THE UNITED STATES ARMY. 15 

For three hours longer he continued, with his two 
remaining pieces, to do great execution, until shot 
through the thighs by a cannon ball, passing from 
right to left, carrying with it a large mass of muscle 
and integuments, and tearing off the front of the sad- 
dle, and withers of the noble charger on which he rode. 
He fell slowly from his horse, and had scarcely reached 
the ground, when one of his lieutenants (Shover) came 
to his assistance, and while he supported him, called 
for a caisson to carry him to the rear. " JVeve?' jnind, 
sir,^^ said Ringgold, "^o ahead with your men ; all are 
icanted in fronts When, however, finally prevailed 
upon to be carried from the field, he remarked, with 
great coolness, to his lieutenant : " Be careful to get 
an empty caisson, as you may require all your am- 
munition." 

The conduct of his artillery now devolved upon 
Lieut. Randolph Ridgely, his second in command, 
who, although inferior in point of cool calculation and 
consummate caution, was his equal in bravery and 
daring adventure. It will doubtless be the task of 
another, and more able pen than mine, to do justice 
to the memory of this young and meritorious officer. 
The moment had now arrived when the army was 
to move forward, and leave the wounded to be carried 
back to Point Isabelle. Even here the ardor of the 
soldier did not forsake him. It had been his polar 
star through life ; it continued to exercise its influence 
over him in his last moments. ^^ Tell Randolph" said 
he to a friend who, on the eve of starting, tarried for 
a moment to bid him, what they both knew would be, 
a final farew^ell, " to look well to his pieces, and see that 
his harness is comjjlete. The smallest defect may de- 
stroy the efficiency of a piece." On the same day he 
was carried to Point Isabelle, where, notwithstanding 
the best application of surgical skill the army could 



16 MEMOIR OF MAJ. SAMUEL RINGGOLD, U. S. A. 

furnish, he died on the following morning (May lOth^ 
1846,) at one o'clock, conversing, up to the last mo- 
ment of his life, with great cheerfulness, upon the 
movements of the army. 

In person Major Ringgold was tall and command- 
ing, and of late years quite spare ; his countenance 
open, frank and pleasing, gave evidence of the gene- 
rous traits which found repose in his breast. His 
manners were easy and polite ; he was courteous and 
affable to all, and his heart was full of human sym- 
pathy. While he exacted from every individual under 
his command the strictest observance of duty, he was 
respected and beloved by them all, and may truly be 
said to have lived and died without enemies. 

He was buried with military honors on the 11th of 
May, but it was destined that his resting place should 
not be in that distant spot, and a deputation was sent 
for the purpose of bringing his remains to his native 
state. A few months have scarcely elapsed since this 
deputation returned with their charge ; and were other 
evidence wanting to establish the fame of the lamented 
dead, it could be found in the generous outpouring of 
spirit which drew thousands of his fellow citizens, of 
both sexes, and all ages, to gaze on the coffin which 
enclosed his mortal remains, or in the impulse which 
produced, on the day of his final interment, a general 
suspension of business; or the splendid military caval- 
cade, collected from all parts of the state, which 
accompanied his remains to that resting place where 
his ashes will again commingle w4th the soil of the 
state which gave him birth. 




i 





OFFICE OF THE U. S. CATHOLIC MAGAZINE, 

No. 178 MARKKT STREET, BALTIMORE, 

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that he has recently increased his stock of 

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And made such arrangements as will enable him to snp/ily all orders in his 
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